Native Men Remadeкнига
Аннотация: The first Oceanic voyagers emerged out of the darkness, guided by stars as they plied their double canoes across oceans to land on the shores of Hawai'i some two thousand years ago.More canoes came later, and eventually a highly stratified chiefdom was established; yet once Hawai'i was put on the global imperial map with Captain James Cook's arrival in 1778, change was much more rapid.Despite the establishment of a monarchy (1810) and international recognition of the Hawaiian Kingdom's independence ( 1843), the nation su√ered an overthrow (1893) backed by the U.S. military and annexation (1898)-both done illegally.White American sugar barons and missionary descendants thereafter ran the Territory like a plantation, as Hawaiian leaders worked to reverse the population collapse that saw some 90 percent of their people swept away by epidemics.World War II brought further changes, including the empowerment of second-generation Japanese American veterans and labor leaders who secured statehood in 1959 and led the political economic shift from agribusiness to militarism and tourism.Native Hawaiians, dispossessed and debased, renewed their cultural pride and political consciousness during a period of renaissance and protest in the 1970s, and by the 1980s, a native nationalist movement flourished.A protest march and rally in downtown Honolulu attended by fifteen thousand people and an apology from President Bill Clinton and the U.S. government marked the centenary of the overthrow.The return of lands and sovereignty seemed imminent.However, in 2000 a U.S. Supreme Court ruling fueled a backlash of lawsuits aimed at dismantling the few remaining Hawaiian programs, entitlements, and rights.While U.
Год издания: 2008
Авторы: Ty P. Kāwika Tengan
Издательство: Duke University Press
Источник: Duke University Press eBooks
Ключевые слова: Research in Social Sciences
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