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Toxic Mechanisms ofFive Heavy Metals:Mercury, Lead,Chromium, Cadmium,and Arsenic Mahdi Balali‐MoodKobra NaseriZoya Tahergorabi2021 год

Toxic Mechanisms of Five Heavy Metals: Mercury, Lead, Chromium, Cadmium, and Arsenic
review

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Аннотация: The industrial activities of the last century have caused massive increases in human exposure to heavy metals. Mercury, lead, chromium, cadmium, and arsenic have been the most common heavy metals that induced human poisonings. Here, we reviewed the mechanistic action of these heavy metals according to the available animal and human studies. Acute or chronic poisonings may occur following exposure through water, air, and food. Bioaccumulation of these heavy metals leads to a diversity of toxic effects on a variety of body tissues and organs. Heavy metals disrupt cellular events including growth, proliferation, differentiation, damage repairing processes, and apoptosis. Comparison of the mechanisms of action reveals similar pathways for these metals to induce toxicity including ROS generation, weakening of the antioxidant defense, enzymes inactivation, and oxidative stress. On the other hand, some of them have selective binding to specific macromolecules. The interaction of lead with aminolevulinic acid dehydratase and ferrochelatase is within this context. Reactions of other heavy metals with certain proteins were discussed as well. Some toxic metals including chromium, cadmium, and arsenic cause genomic instability. Defects in DNA repair following the induction of oxidative stress and DNA damage by the three metals have been considered as the cause of their carcinogenicity. Even with the current knowledge of hazards of heavy metals, the incidence of poisoning remains considerable and requires preventive and effective treatment. The application of chelation therapy for the management of metals poisoning could be another aspect of heavy metals to be reviewed in the future.
Год издания: 2021
Авторы: Mahdi Balali‐Mood, Kobra Naseri, Zoya Tahergorabi, Mohammad Reza Khazdair, Mahmood Sadeghi
Издательство: Frontiers Media
Источник: Frontiers in Pharmacology
Ключевые слова: Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity, Chromium effects and bioremediation, Mercury impact and mitigation studies
Другие ссылки: Frontiers in Pharmacology (PDF)
Frontiers in Pharmacology (HTML)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (HTML)
PubMed Central (HTML)
PubMed (HTML)