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Alternaria Toxins:Potential VirulenceFactors and GenesRelated toPathogenesis Mukesh MeenaSanjay GuptaPrashant Swapnil2017 год

Alternaria Toxins: Potential Virulence Factors and Genes Related to Pathogenesis
review

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Аннотация: Alternaria is an important fungus to study due to their different life style from saprophytes to endophytes and a very successful fungal pathogen that causes diseases to a number of economically important crops. Alternaria species have been well-characterized for the production of different host-specific toxins (HSTs) and non-host specific toxins (nHSTs) which depend upon their physiological and morphological stages. The pathogenicity of Alternaria species depends on host susceptibility or resistance as well as quantitative production of HSTs and nHSTs. These toxins are chemically low molecular weight secondary metabolites (SMs). The effects of toxins are mainly on different parts of cells like mitochondria, chloroplast, plasma membrane, Golgi complex, nucleus, etc. Alternaria species produce several nHSTs such as brefeldin A, tenuazonic acid, tentoxin, and zinniol. HSTs that act in very low concentrations affect only certain plant varieties or genotype and play a role in determining the host range of specificity of plant pathogens. The commonly known HSTs are AAL-, AK-, AM-, AF-, ACR-, and ACT-toxins which are named by their host specificity and these toxins are classified into different family groups. The HSTs are differentiated on the basis of bio-statistical and other molecular analyses. All these toxins have different mode of action, biochemical reactions and signaling mechanisms to cause diseases. Different species of Alternaria produced toxins which reveal its biochemical and genetic effects on itself as well as on its host cells tissues. The genes responsible for the production of HSTs are found on the conditionally dispensable chromosomes (CDCs) which have been well characterized. Different bio-statistical methods like basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) data analysis used for the annotation of gene prediction, pathogenicity-related genes may provide surprising knowledge in present and future.
Год издания: 2017
Авторы: Mukesh Meena, Sanjay Gupta, Prashant Swapnil, Andleeb Zehra, Manish Kumar Dubey, Ram Sanmukh Upadhyay
Издательство: Frontiers Media
Источник: Frontiers in Microbiology
Ключевые слова: Fungal Plant Pathogen Control, Mycotoxins in Agriculture and Food, Plant Virus Research Studies
Другие ссылки: Frontiers in Microbiology (PDF)
Frontiers in Microbiology (HTML)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (HTML)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (PDF)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (HTML)
PubMed Central (HTML)
PubMed (HTML)