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Comments onIntonational Phrasingin English Elisabeth Selkirk2005 год

Comments on Intonational Phrasing in English
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Аннотация: The Intonational Phrase organization of a sentence is a hybrid beast.It sometimes shows a tight correlation with the semantic properties of the sentence, namely what the sentence means in standard truth conditional terms.It sometimes appears to be a reflex of the Focus structure of the sentence.Sometimes it appears to be correlated with the length of the constituents of a sentence.And sometimes it seems merely to reflect a stylistic option in the utterance of a sentence.This paper centers on the ways in which intonational phrasing in phonological representation is dependent on the properties of the interface syntactic representation, giving but a nod to other factors.It assumes a grammatical architecture in which syntax mediates between phonology and semantics and where the syntax-phonology interface is characterized in terms of a set of optimality theoretic interface constraints (cf.Selkirk 1995, Truckenbrodt 1999).In (1) we have an instance of the conjunction of two root sentences.At the right of the first conjoined root sentence, two distinctive properties may appear: (i) a "comma pause" or significant elongation, and (ii) a final rising contour (L-H%).(A deep final fall is a possible alternative: L-L%.)In the Pierrehumbert 1980 and ToBI (Beckman and Ayers-Elam 1997) theory of English intonation, assumed here, a two part boundary tone like the L-H% rise (or the L-L%) is possible only at the edge of Intonational Phrase, where a Major Phrase edge is followed by an Intonational Phrase edge.The lower-order Major Phrase (aka intermediate phrase) shows only a simple L-or H-boundary tone.The Intonational Phrase shows an additional L% or H% boundary tone.As is fairly standard for English I will use the availability of a continuation rise L-H% as a sign of Intonational Phrase edge status, since the fall-rise pitch contour produced in conjunction with the default H* pitch accent on a preceding word, namely H*L-H%, is qualitatively distinct from the contour created from the simple fall, H*L-, or level high, H*H-, that would be found at the end of a Major Phrase after H*.In (1), then, which can have a continuation rise at the end of the first conjunct, we have an analysis into a succession of two IPs.As for the temporal disjuncture to be found at IP edge (the "comma pause"), it is greater than that to be found at a MaP edge (Beckman and Edwards 1990, Beckman and Ayers-Elam 1997).The ToBI system of temporal boundary indices calls for a size "3" boundary index after a MaP (aka intermediate phrase) and a size "4" boundary index after an IP.There is a third prosodic property, involving upward pitch reset at the left edge of a phrase, that appears to distinguish an Intonational Phrase break from a Major Phrase break.Van den Berg, Gussenhoven and Rietveld 1992 observe for Dutch and Truckenbrodt 2002 et seq observes for German that the upward reset of pitch register found at the left edge of an Intonational Phrase goes higher than the pitch reset at the left edge of a mere Major Phrase (which they call Phonological Phrase).Similar observations for English are made by Ladd 1986Ladd , 1988.I believe this is true for the cases at hand as well.Specifically, in (1), the pitch register of the second conjoined sentence appears in a higher pitch range with respect to what precedes than it does in (2).Given this discussion, then, a fuller representation of (1b) including tones (in particular, a medial continuation rise), pause, and a representation of tonal register would be as in (3):(3) IP ( MaP (Bi H* lly thought his fa !H* ther was a me !H* rchant L-H% ) MaP ) IP // IP ( MaP ( ^^! and his fa H* ther was a secret a !H* gent L-L% ) MaP ) IP .The two carats at the beginning of the second IP indicate the significant upward pitch reset to be found there, undoing the successive downstepping of accents (marked by !H*) that can be found in the preceding clause.The ! following the carats indicates that the pitch reset at the beginning of the second IP does not involve an actual return to the phrasal register of the preceding IP (namely the pitch level of the initial accent of that IP); in other words, there is a (slight) downstep of the starting phrasal register of the second IP with respect to the first (cf.van den Berg et al 1992).As for the //, it indicates the presence of the substantial "comma pause" intervening between the two conjuncts.(In
Год издания: 2005
Авторы: Elisabeth Selkirk
Издательство: De Gruyter
Источник: De Gruyter eBooks
Ключевые слова: Linguistics, Language Diversity, and Identity, Lexicography and Language Studies, Natural Language Processing Techniques
Другие ссылки: De Gruyter eBooks (HTML)
CiteSeer X (The Pennsylvania State University) (PDF)
CiteSeer X (The Pennsylvania State University) (HTML)