The Routledge Handbook of Urbanization and Global Environmental Changeкнига
Аннотация: High-income cities face significant challenges in mitigating anthropogenic climate change; constraints exist in their evolution towards low-carbon urban systems due to their mature infrastructure, established energy sources and recent uncertainty in economic growth.The extent of these challenges depends on individual economic, social and environmental contexts.Seto et al. (2014) present four principal drivers of urban emissions in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Fifth Assessment Report: economic geography & income, socio-demographic factors, technology and infrastructure & urban form.Given that these drivers vary substantially across urban areas in highincome cities, emissions per capita also differ (see Figure 1).However, regardless of context, deep emissions reductions in these cities are necessary.High-income cities are principal drivers of energy consumption within their national boundaries.Grubler et al. ( 2012) estimate that over 80% of energy use in OECD90 1 countries took place in their urban areas in 2005.Moreover, Elzen et al. ( 2013) calculate that industrialized nations have contributed 52% of all emissions between 1850-2010, while having only hosted 26.7% of the global population during that time.These industrialized countries have undergone rapid urbanization in the past 60 years, with the United Nations (UN) (2014) suggesting that populations living in cities increased from 54.6% to 77.1% between 1950 and 2010.Cities in industrialized nations also enable much of the world's economic activity, with 380 high-income cities contributed to 50% of GDP in 2007 (Mckinsey Global Institute, 2011); GDP per capita has been shown to be correlate with GHG emissions (Kennedy, 2014).When considering energy demand, history of GHG emissions, high levels of urbanization and large economies, a case can be made that high-income cities are substantial contributors to climate change, supporting the call for their leadership towards a low-carbon future.1 OECD90 includes countries in OECD Asia, Western Europe and North America
Год издания: 2015
Авторы: Karen C. Seto, William Solecki, Corrie Griffith, Eugene Mohareb, David Bristow, Sybil Derrible
Издательство: Informa
Источник: Routledge eBooks
Ключевые слова: Urban and Rural Development Challenges, Water Governance and Infrastructure, Climate Change, Adaptation, Migration
Другие ссылки: Routledge eBooks (HTML)
CentAUR (University of Reading) (HTML)
CentAUR (University of Reading) (HTML)
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