Push–pull model of the primate photopic electroretinogram: A role for hyperpolarizing neurons in shaping the b-waveстатья из журнала
Аннотация: Abstract Existing models of the primate photopic electroretinogram (ERG) attribute the light-adapted b –wave to activity of depolarizing bipolar cells (DBCs), mediated through a release of potassium that is monitored by Müller cells. However, possible ERG contributions from OFF-bipolar cells (HBCs) and horizontal cells (HzCs) have not been explored. We examined the contribution of these hyperpolarizing second-order retinal cells to the photopic ERG of monkey by applying glutamate analogs to suppress photoreceptor transmission selectively to HBC/HzCs vs. DBCs. ERGs of Macaca monkeys were recorded at the cornea before and after intravitreal injection of drugs. Photopic responses were elicited by bright 200–220 ms flashes on a steady background of 3.3 log scotopic troland to suppress rod ERG components. 2–amino-4–phosphonobutyric acid (APB), which blocks DBC light responses, abolished the photopic b –wave and indicated that DBC activity is requisite for photopic b –wave production. However, applying cis –2,3–piperidine dicarboxylic acid (PDA) and kynurenic acid (KYN), to suppress HBCs/HzCs and third-order neurons, revealed a novel ERG response that was entirely positive and was sustained for the duration of the flash. The normally phasic b –wave was subsumed into this new response. Applying n –methyl-dl-aspartate (NMA) did not replicate the PDA+KYN effect, indicating that third-order retinal cells are not involved. This suggests that HBC/HzC activity is critical for shaping the phasic b –wave. Components attributable to depolarizing vs. hyperpolarizing cells were separated by subtracting waveforms after each drug from responses immediately before. This analysis indicated that DBCs and HBC/HzCs each can produce large but opposing field potentials that nearly cancel and that normally leave only the residual phasic b –wave response in the photopic ERG. Latency of the DBC component was 5–9 ms slower than the HBC/HzC component. However, once activated, the DBC component had a steeper slope. This resembles properties known for the two types of cone synapses in lower species, in which the sign-preserving HBC/HzC synapse has faster kinetics but probably lower gain than the slower sign-inverting G-protein coupled DBC synapse. A human patient with “unilateral cone dystrophy” was found to have a positive and sustained ERG that mimicked the monkey ERG after PDA+KYN, indicating that these novel positive photopic responses can occur naturally even without drug application. These results demonstrate that hyperpolarizing second-order neurons are important for the primate photopic ERG. A “Push-Pull Model” is proposed in which DBC activity is requisite for b –wave production but in which HBC/HzC activity limits the amplitude and controls the shape of the primate photopic b –wave.
Год издания: 1994
Авторы: Paul A. Sieving, Koichiro Murayama, F. Naarendorp
Издательство: Cambridge University Press
Источник: Visual Neuroscience
Ключевые слова: Photoreceptor and optogenetics research, Retinal Development and Disorders, Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Другие ссылки: Visual Neuroscience (HTML)
PubMed (HTML)
PubMed (HTML)
Открытый доступ: closed
Том: 11
Выпуск: 3
Страницы: 519–532