Аннотация:Bladder cancer (BC) is the second most common genitourinary malignancy and the fourth most common cancer in the US, and costs over an estimated $4 billion annually in the US alone. BC ranks amongst the most expensive cancer treatment to date. Most patients have curable transitional cell carcinoma and non-muscle invasive BC (NMIBC). Only approximately 30% of NMIBC patients progress to muscle-invasive BCs (MIBC), however, about 50% of these patients develop metastases within 2 years after cystectomy, and about half of patients die within 5 years. MIBC, which are notorious as heterogeneous and hard-to-treat cancers, do not effectively respond to adjuvant chemotherapy generally associated with a poor prognosis, causing most BC deaths (1).
