billion US dollars of the world’s figure or 21.8  % of world gold stock. The EU had about 660 billion dollars of gold reserves or 29.1 %, the BRICS ‒ 305.7 billion or 13.5 %, the OPEC countries ‒ 65.2 billion or 2.9 %, Switzerland ‒ 63.3 billion or 2...
that of a total debt owed by the developing countries to the IMF and Co. of 8.8 trillion US dollars as of the end of 2020 multilateral regional development banks, the IMF, the World Bank and the rest have only half of those debts or 4.4 trillion. The G7’s...

Brotsman S.K. Scientific supervisor - Filonchik O.A. Siberian Federal University For today world politicians and economists have recognized two basic world curren- cies in a modern financial market . There are euro and American dollar. Dollar takes...
. Dollar got status of the main reserve currency. The breakdown of the Bretton Woods system in 1971, the abandonment of the gold standard and a period of relatively high inflation and slower economic growth during the 70s and 80s did not undermine...

in which the digital currency is to be exchanged for the currencies of other countries. The theoretical significance of the article is the development of a model’s basis to find the exchange rate of the digital currency. The practical significance...
Статья посвящена вопросам обращения цифровой валюты как общемировой проблемы. Тема имеет теоретическую и практическую значимость, поскольку стабильность цен, экономический рост, развитие, рыночное равновесие очень зависят от качества обращения цифровых валют в случае их широкого распространения. Цифровизация валюты и валютных отношений приобрела особую актуальность в связи с эпидемией коронавируса, что заставило центральные банки многих стран мира искать подходы к организации бесконтактного платежно-расчетного обмена. Исследование установило значимость наиболее важных макроэкономических категорий, которые характеризуют обращение гипотетической цифровой валюты стран БРИКС, а именно коллективная процентная ставка и количество цифровых денег в обращении для международного использования. Обменный курс цифровой валюты БРИКС, в случае ее появления, будет в существенной мере зависеть от размера процентной ставки гипотетического кредитора последней инстанции. Эта проблема крайне важна, поскольку в международном обмене необходимы пропорции конвертации цифровой валюты в валюты разных стран мира. Теоретическая значимость результатов статьи заключается в разработке основ модели обменного курса цифровой валюты. Практическая значимость состоит в том, что статья содержит рекомендации для участников международного валютного рынка и органов кредитно-денежного регулирования ведущих развивающихся стран в условиях функционирования цифровых валют...

to discuss problems and advantages of monetary system, such as pyramid of debts, other country’s dependence on dollar and monetary policy of the government. That problem is very important and urgent in our days and especially for our country, because...
of exchange, and means of payment. In every countries all this functions are performed by the selected currency. The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States of America and its overseas territories. The U.S. dollar is the currency...

, the presence of marking «Halal» can increase revenues in the lo- cal area where Muslims live. So, recently known catering organizations «McDon- ald’s» and «Burger King» in Singapore increased sales by 20% after they began using the marking «Halal» [1...
]. The russian market of meat-halal amounted to 1,281.2 million US dollars in 2016. If we compare the russian and european markets [6], we can to establish that only 75% of the companies have the marking «Halal» on the meat-halal market. Accord- ingly, when...

stream_source_info s20_002.pdf.txt stream_content_type text/plain stream_size 10439 Content-Encoding UTF-8 stream_name s20_002.pdf.txt Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 УДК 811.111 EXTERNAL DEBT – A FRIEND OR A FOE...
budget. Debt ceiling was raised. The upper and lower chambers of the U.S. Congress approved a compromise version of the bill late in the evening of 16 October. This event prevented the technical default of the USA. Debt ceiling only since 2000 has...

.1590/1982-432727s1201703 Bach, E. (1986). The Algebra of Events. In Linguistics and Philosophy, 9, 5-16. Barsalou, L.W. (1992). Cognitive psychology: An overview for cognitive scientists. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum. 410 p. Boichuk, I. (2014). The Concept of Hate...
Publishing House, 480 p. Chen, S. (2016). Language and Ecology: A Content Analysis of Ecolinguistics as an Emerging Re- search Field. In Ampersand, 3, 108-116. DOI: 10.1016/j.amper.2016.06.002 Englebretson, R. (2007). Stancetaking in Discourse...

–000. 1 doi: 10.1111/brv.12511 Global effects of non-native tree species on multiple ecosystem services Pilar Castro-Díez1,∗ , Ana Sofia Vaz2,3, Joaquim S. Silva4,5, Marcela van Loo6, A´lvaro Alonso1, Cristina Aponte7, A´lvaro Bayo´n8, Peter J. Bellingham9...
. Parker19, Duane A. Peltzer9, Luke J. Potgieter20, Maia Raymundo16, Donald Rayome21, Orna Reisman-Berman22, David M. Richardson20, Ruben E. Roos23, Asuncio´n Saldan˜a1, Ross T. Shackleton20, Agostina Torres10, Melinda Trudgen24,25, Josef Urban26,27, Joana...

of temporality which we have proposed in this work allows carrying out a detailed analysis and specifying the examples of nominations and time spans exemplified above. Let’s further compare these terms with V. Evans’s terminology. Having addressed so called...
the linear temperodynamic model of time-perception. As we think, V. Evans’s terms – agentive sense and commodity sense – summarize English representation of such cognitive metaphors as TIME IS A MASTER and TIME IS A POSSESSION respectively. Let’s also...

can be considered nothing more than measures to maintain demand for U.S. dollars. In our world everything is ruled by big money, the real power is concentrated in the holders of pension funds, the United States, European Union, Heads of Petroleum...
stream_source_info s22_197.pdf.txt stream_content_type text/plain stream_size 7240 Content-Encoding UTF-8 stream_name s22_197.pdf.txt Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 УДК 735.29. (35) “THE INFLUENCE OF WORLD...