Meta‐analysis is the gold standard for synthesis in ecology and evolution. Together with
estimating overall effect magnitudes, meta‐analyses estimate differences between effect sizes …

The study of avian signalling systems is an important avenue for research on animal
communication. More specifically, the use of plumage traits to signal status or fighting ability has …

Meta-analysis has changed the way researchers conduct literature reviews not only in medical
and social sciences but also in biological sciences. Meta-analysis in biological sciences, …

Thirty years of research has made carotenoid coloration a textbook example of an honest
signal of individual quality, but tests of this idea are surprisingly inconsistent. Here, to …

An emerging hypothesis of animal personality posits that animals choose the habitat that
best fits their personality, and that the match between habitat and personality can facilitate …

The integration and synthesis of the data in different areas of science is drastically slowed
and hindered by a lack of standards and networking programmes. Long‐term studies of …

The intensity of biotic interactions varies around the world, in such a way that mortality risk
imposed by natural enemies is usually higher in the tropics. A major role of offspring …

Females of some cooperative‐breeding species can decrease their egg investment without
costs for their offspring because helpers‐at‐the‐nest compensate for this reduction either by …

The handicap principle proposes that male sexual ornaments and displays provide honest
indicators of quality. Female preference for high-quality males, however, may be driven not …

Eye size shows a large degree of variation among species, even after correcting for body
size. In birds, relatively larger eyes have been linked to predation risk, capture of mobile prey, …