Background The prevalence of doping in competitive sport, and the methods for assessing
prevalence, remain poorly understood. This reduces the ability of researchers, governments, …

Doping is typically referred to by some legal/moral heuristics, labelling the activity illegal
and unfair, and condemning doping users as cheats and rogues. Whilst these heuristics …

There is evidence of a small but significant proportion of adolescents engaging in doping
practices. Young athletes face very specific pressures to achieve results as they strive for a …

In the past decade, a body of evidence has reported that dietary supplement use is related
to prohibited performance enhancing substance use (ie, doping). To help international and …

We consider the problem of fuzzy community detection in networks, which complements and
expands the concept of overlapping community structure. Our approach allows each vertex …

Background For effective deterrence methods, individual, systemic and situational factors
that make an athlete or athlete group more susceptible to doping than others should be fully …

OBJECTIVES: Doping use is seldom an accident – it is a deliberate action often requiring
considerable commitment. Attitudes are known to influence this type of action and hence they …

The relationships between projected use, self‐reported behavior and attitudes to
performance‐enhancing (PED) and recreational (RD) drugs were investigated among 82 competitive …

Tie-strength has been in the focus of social science research for decades, yet the use of
measurement tools or scales has been relatively scarce. The aim of this study was to fill the gap …

Background Performance enhancement (PE) is a natural and essential ingredient of
competitive sport. Except for nutritional supplement contamination, accidental use of doping is …