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Onset of significant pelagic carbonate accumulation after the Carnian Pluvial Event (CPE) in the western Tethys

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An Erratum to this article was published on 12 November 2013

Abstract

Abundant calcispheres occur in Upper Carnian and Norian hemipelagic limestone successions of the Southern Apennines and Sicily. They exhibit a variety of morphologies that were investigated with optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The most common morphology is that of a full solid sphere of radiaxial calcite crystals, 20–22 μm in diameter on average, with or without a minor hollow in the center. Smaller forms may be clusters of sub-micron crystals, only rarely disposed as to form a spherical test with a diameter of 10 μm or less. Larger forms are similar to small forms (clusters or spheres of sub-micron crystals) with an epitaxial calcite overgrowth. The taxonomic attribution of these calcispheres is uncertain, mostly because of their poor preservation, but a comparison is possible with some Mesozoic calcispheres attributed to calcareous dinocysts. The amount of epitaxial overgrowth is variable, but in most cases much larger than the original sphere. This prevents a significant evaluation of the contribution of calcispheres to carbonate pelagic sedimentation by point counting in thin-section. However, it can be shown that calcispheres become abundant only after a major climatic perturbation dated at the end of the Early Carnian, known as the Carnian Pluvial Event (CPE). This event involved a strong and prolonged enhancement of the hydrological cycle, with consequent supply of excess hydrogen carbonate to the oceans and increased seawater alkalinity. Although calcispheres of this type are known at least from the Middle Triassic, it is only shortly after the CPE that they become abundant, and the first common occurrence of calcareous nannoplankton in the western Tethys is thus Late Carnian in age.

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Acknowledgments

Evelyn Kustatscher, Manuel Rigo, Elisabetta Erba, and an anonymous referee read, and commented on, this manuscript at various stages of its development. Pietro Di Stefano introduced us to the Pizzo Mondello section. Petra Witte helped with scanning electron microscopy. Manuel Rigo was of great help in the selection of samples. Leonardo Tauro and Sebastian Flotow collaborated with preparation of samples for SEM and thin-sections. Axel Munnecke is thanked for digging out some old literature that would have been otherwise impossible to find. Finally, Christopher McRoberts provided insightful help on the shell structure of halobiid bivalves. This research was funded by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.

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  1. Department of Geosciences, University of Padova, Via Gradenigo, 6, 35131, Padua, Italy

    Nereo Preto & Chiara Guaiumi

  2. Leibniz Center for Marine Tropical Ecology, Bremen, Germany

    Nereo Preto & Hildegard Westphal

  3. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany

    Helmut Willems

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Preto, N., Willems, H., Guaiumi, C. et al. Onset of significant pelagic carbonate accumulation after the Carnian Pluvial Event (CPE) in the western Tethys. Facies 59, 891–914 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10347-012-0338-9

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