Abstract
The use of touch screen tablets by young children is increasing in the home and in early childhood settings. The simple tactile interface and finger-based operating features of tablets may facilitate preschoolers’ use of tablet application software and support their educational development in domains such as literacy. This article reviews current findings on using touch screen tablets in supporting early literacy development within a theoretical framework. The evidence suggests that tablets have the potential to enhance children’s emergent literacy skills (e.g., alphabet knowledge, print concepts, and emergent writing). However, the optimal use of tablets for early literacy learning may be dependent upon the type of scaffolding used by parent or teacher and the availability and quality of literacy tablet applications. Practical implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.

Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.References
Australian Government Department of Education, Employment, & Workplace Relations for the Council of Australian Governments. (2009). Australian education policy: Early years learning framework (EYLF) (ISBN 978-0-642-77873-4). Retrieved July 29, 2013, from http://deewr.gov.au/early-years-learning-framework.
Bowman, M., & Treiman, R. (2004). Stepping stones to reading. Theory into Practice, 43, 295–303.
Bus, A. G., & Neuman, S. B. (2009). Multimedia and literacy development. New York, NY: Routledge.
Chera, P., & Wood, C. (2003). Animated multimedia “talking books” can promote phonological awareness in children beginning to read. Learning and Instruction, 13, 33–52.
Chiong, C., & Schuler, C. (2010). Learning: Is there an app for that? Investigations of young children’s usage and learning with mobile devices and apps. New York, NY: The Joan Ganz Cooney Centre at Sesame Workshop. http://pbskids.org/read/files/cooney_learning_apps.pdf.
Clay, M. (1975). Concepts about print. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
Cohen, V. L., & Cowen, J. E. (2011). Literacy for children in an information age: Teaching reading, writing, and thinking. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Cooper, L. Z. (2005). Developmentally appropriate digital environments for young children. Library Trends, 54, 286–302.
Couse, L. J., & Chen, D. W. (2010). A tablet computer for young children? Exploring its viability for early childhood education. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 43, 75–98.
de Jong, M. T., & Bus, A. G. (2003). How well suited are electronic books to supporting literacy? Journal of Early Childhood Literacy, 3, 147–164.
Ehri, L. C. (2005). Learning to read words: Theory, findings and issues. Scientific Studies of Reading, 9, 167–188.
Ehri, L. C., & Roberts, T. (2006). The roots of learning to read and write: Acquisition of letters and phonemic awareness. In S. B. Neuman & D. K. Dickinson (Eds.), Handbook of early literacy research (Vol. 2, pp. 113–130). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Frith, U. (1985). Beneath the surface of developmental dyslexia. In K. Patterson, J. Marshall & M. Coltheart (Eds.), Surface dyslexia: Neuropsychological and cognitive studies of phonological reading (pp. 301–330). London, England: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Goodwin, K. (2012). Use of tablet technology in the classroom. Strathfield, NSW: Curriculum and Learning Innovation Centre, NSW Department of Education and Communities. http://rde.nsw.edu.au/files/iPad_Evaluation_Sydney_Region_exec_sum.pdf.
Hisrich, K., & Blanchard, J. (2009). Digital media and emergent literacy. Computers in the Schools, 26, 240–255.
Korat, O., & Shamir, A. (2007). Electronic books versus adult readers: Effects on children’s emergent literacy as a function of social class. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 23, 248–259.
Korat, O., Shamir, A., & Arbiv, L. (2011). E-books as support for emergent writing with and without adult assistance. Education Information Technology, 16, 301–318.
Levy, R. (2009). ‘You have to understand words…but not read them’: Young children becoming readers in a digital age. Journal of Research in Reading, 32, 75–91. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9817.2088.01382.x.
Masonheimer, P. E., Drum, P. A., & Ehri, L. C. (1984). Does environmental print identification lead children into word reading? Journal of Reading Behavior, 16, 257–271.
McManis, L. D., & Gunnewig, S. B. (2012). Finding the education in educational technology with early learners. Young Children, 67, 14–24.
McMunn Dooley, C., Seely Flint, A., Holbrook, T., May, L., & Albers, P. (2011). The digital frontier in early education. Language Arts, 89, 83–85.
Michael Cohen Group & USDOE [US Department of Education]. (2011). Young children, apps and iPad. New York, NY: Michael Cohen Group. http://mcgrc.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/ipad-study-cover-page-report-mcg-info_new-online.pdf.
Murray, O. T., & Olcese, N. R. (2011). Teaching and learning with iPads, ready or not? TechTrends, 55, 42–48.
NAEYC., & Fred Rogers Centre (2012). Technology and interactive media as tools in early childhood programs serving children from birth through age 8. Washington, DC: NAEYC [National Association for the Education of Young Children]; Latrobe, PA: Fred Rogers Center for Early Learning and Children’s Media, Saint Vincent College. http://www.naeyc.org/files/naeyc/PS_technology_WEB.pdf.
N.Z. Ministry of Education. (1996). Te Whàriki: He Whàriki Màtauranga mò ngà Mokopuna o Aotearoa Early Childhood Curriculum. (ISBN 0 478 02980 2, Wellington: Learning Media). Retrieved July 29, 2013, from http://www.educate.ece.govt.nz/learning/curriculumAndLearning/TeWhariki.aspx.
N.Z. Ministry of Education, & N.Z. Council for Educational Research. (2004). The role and potential of ICT in early childhood education: A review of New Zealand and international literature. Prepared by R. Bolstad. (2004). Retrieved July 29, 2013, from http://www.nzcer.org.nz/system/files/ictinecefinal.pdf.
O’Mara, J., & Laidlaw, L. (2011). Living in the iworld: Two literacy researchers reflect on the changing texts and literacy practices of childhood. English Teaching: Practice and Critique, 10, 149–159.
Orlando, J. (2011). How young is too young? Mobile technologies and young children August 21, 2011 Posted by Editor21C in Directions in Education, Early Childhood Education, Engaging Learning Environments. University of Western Sydney. http://learning21c.wordpress.com/2011/08.
Orrin, M. T., & Olcese, N. R. (2011). Teaching and learning with iPads, ready or not? Techtrends, 55, 42–48.
Plowman, L., & Stephen, C. (2003). A ‘benign addition’? Research on ICT and pre-school children. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 19, 149–164.
Plowman, L., Stevenson, O., McPake, J., Stephen, C., & Adey, C. (2011). Parents, pre-schoolers and learning with technology at home: Some implications for policy. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 27, 361–371.
Plowman, L., Stevenson, O., Stephen, C., & McPake, J. (2012). Preschool children’s learning with technology at home. Computers & Education, 59, 30–37.
Rideout, V. (2011). Zero to eight: Children’s media use in America. San Francisco, CA: Common Sense Media. www.commonsensemedia.org/sites/default/files/research/zerotoeightfinal2011.pdf.
Roskos, K., Brueck, J., & Widman, S. (2009). Investigating analytic tools for e-book design in early literacy learning. Journal of Interactive Online Learning, 8, 218–240.
Roskos, K., Burstein, K., You, B. K., Brueck, J., & O’Brien, C. (2011). A formative study of an E-book instructional model in early literacy. Creative Education, 2, 10–17.
Salmon, L. G. (2013). Factors that affect emergent literacy development when engaging with electronic books. Early Childhood Education Journal,. doi:10.1007/s10643-013-0589-2.
Sénéchal, M., Le Fevre, J., Smith-Chant, B. L., & Colton, K. V. (2001). On refining theoretical models of emergent literacy the role of empirical evidence. Journal of School Psychology, 39, 439–460.
Shamir, A. (2009). Processes and outcomes of joint activity with e-books for promoting kindergarteners’ emergent literacy. Educational Media International, 46, 81–96. doi:10.1080/09523980902781295.
Shamir, A., & Korat, O. (2007). Developing an educational E-book for fostering kindergarten children’s emergent literacy. Computers in the Schools, 24, 125–143.
Shanis, J., & Hedge, A. (2003). Comparison of mouse, touchpad and multitouch input technologies. In Proceedings of the human factors and ergonomics society 47th annual meeting, Oct. 13–17, Denver, CO (pp. 746–750).
Shifflet, R., Toledo, C., & Mattoon, C. (2012). Touch tablet surprises: A preschool teacher’s story. Young Children, 67, 36–41.
Smith, C. R. (2001). Click and turn the page: An exploration of multiple storybook literacy. Reading Research Quarterly, 36, 152–182.
Snow, C. E., Burns, S., & Griffin, P. (1998). Preventing reading difficulties in young children. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Tahnk, J. (2011). Digital milestones: Raising a tech-savvy kid. Parenting.com, November (pp. 78–84).
Teale, W. H., & Sulzby, E. (1986). Emergent literacy as a perspective for examining how young children become readers and writers. In W. H. Teale & E. Sulzby (Eds.), Emergent literacy: Reading and writing (pp. 7–25). Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing.
U.K. Government. (2013). Early years foundation stage profile handbook (ISBN: 978-1 4459-5882-8). Retrieved July 29, 2013, from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/19417/Early_Years_Foundation_Stage_Profile_Handbook.pdf.
U.S. Department of Education & U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Earl Childhood-Head Start Task Force. (2002). Teaching our youngest: A guide for preschool teachers and child care and family providers. Washington, D.C. Retrieved July 29, 2013, from http://www2.ed.gov/teachers/how/early/teachingouryoungest/teachingouryoungest.pdf.
Verhallen, M. J. A. J., Bus, A. G., & de Jong, M. T. (2006). The promise of multimedia stories for kindergarten children at risk. Journal of Educational Psychology, 98, 410–419.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind and society: The development of higher mental processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Westerman, W., Elias J. G., & Hedge, A. (2001). Multi-touch: A new tactile 2-D gesture interface for human-computer interaction. In Proceedings of the human factors and ergonomics society 45th annual meeting, Minneapolis, MN (Vol. 1, pp. 632–636).
Whitehurst, G. J., & Lonigan, C. J. (1998). Child development and emergent literacy. Child Development, 69, 848–872.
Wohlwend, K. E. (2009). Early adopters: Playing new literacies and pretending new technologies in print-centric classrooms. Journal of Early Childhood Literacy, 9, 119–143.
Wohlwend, K. E. (2010). A is for avatar: Young children in literacy 2.0 worlds and literacy 1.0 schools. Language Arts, 88, 144–152.
Wood, D., Bruner, J. C., & Ross, G. (1976). The role of tutoring in problem solving. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 17, 89–100.
Yates, D. (2012). Tablet magic. Australian PC User Updated Techlife, 1, 45–53.
Yelland, N., & Masters, J. (2007). Rethinking scaffolding in the information age. Computers & Education, 48, 362–382.
Yost, N. (2003). Computers, kids, and crayons: a comparative study of emergent writing behaviours. In Australian Computer Society, Inc. IFIP Working Group 3.5 Conference: Young Children and Learning Technologies. UWS, Parramatta, Australia.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Neumann, M.M., Neumann, D.L. Touch Screen Tablets and Emergent Literacy. Early Childhood Educ J 42, 231–239 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-013-0608-3
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-013-0608-3